Page 19 - TINA Dergi Sayi 08

TINA

Maritime Archaeology Periodical

Some researchers argue that the terracotta braziers behind the fire bowl, and this had no connection to the
were produced at amphora production centers, while fire bowl. The brazier chimney was probably used to
the lead braziers were produced in Eastern Mediterra- cool off the double-walled lead brazier that supposedly
nean production centers of lead coffins . During the contained water, or to radiate heat. Such lead braziers
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Hellenistic period, there were also braziers on high are uncommon in the context of any of the underwater
stands with a cylindrical body, as well as U-formed archaeological sites after the late Roman period. Based
braziers again on high stands with a fire bowl and an on the absence of any lead braziers among the finds
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outer shell . from Byzantine shipwrecks, we suggest that lead bra-
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In the late Hellenistic period, a combination of these ziers were obsolete after this period .
two types of braziers with a lower stand was produced The ship-type braziers dating to the middle Byz-
for use in boats. One of the earliest examples of a low antine period at the Bodrum Museum of Underwater
ship-type brazier is dated to the Hellenistic period, and Archaeology (Fig. 7-8), and those dating to 672-870
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it is displayed in the Bodrum Underwater Archaeology AD found in situ in shipwreck YK12 during the Is-
Museum (Fig. 1). This ship-type brazier has a round tanbul Yenikapı excavations (Fig.9), were all made
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base to support its body, similar to cylindrical braziers. of terracotta. These ship-type braziers are, in gener-
The fire bowl does not have a U-shape, but rather a al, bulkier with a U-form body and no base, and with
circular form (3 quadrants). The tray in front of the the fire bowl and tray combined. The tray corners are
fire bowl is in the form of a rectangle placed width- rounded in some examples and sharp-cornered in oth-
wise. We suggest the Roman period example from the ers. The attachments were removed from the fire bowl,
ancient agora of Athens, which is believed to represent while two handles were mounted horizontally in some
the next phase, stood on a low cylindrical tripod . The examples (Fig 7.) In some examples, the fire bowl has
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fire bowl has a horse-shoe shape with a circular tray a longer form extending to the tray section to house
(Fig 3). two or more pots on the pot-holder (Fig. 8). In the
All other braziers recovered from the underwater brazier sample recovered from the shipwreck YK12
excavations and dated to the Roman period are made during the Istanbul Yenikapı excavations, the form
of lead . Although they are made of lead, their form was mostly preserved, but the three pot rests above the
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seems to a great extent to have been preserved purpose- fire bowl became three full holes (Fig. 9). Excavations
fully. An analysis of the lead braziers from the Roman also yielded lids with handles similar to the pot lids to
period at the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archae- cover idle holes in the brazier, suggesting that the fire
ology (Fig.5), as well as those found near the shores of bowls for ship-type braziers took their final form after
Israel (Fig.6), indicates that the base was removed, and the 7 century AD.
th
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the brazier sat directly on its own body . Some fire No significant difference is observed between the
bowls are U-shaped, and their attachments are decorat- general characteristics of the bodies of various forms
ed either in the form of sea shells or knuckle bones (as- of ship-type braziers from the Hellenistic period to the
tragalos). In time, the tray was combined with the fire Byzantine period in terms of necessities and require-
bowl to become a single unit. A chimney was added ments on board a ship.

13 One of the ship-type lead braziers found at Israeli coasts (Tel Ridan) was laboratorially analyzed in terms of technological level.
Based on analysis it was found that the chimney went through a repair process. The craftsmanship in the manufacturing process as well
as the repair work suggest that it was manufactured in Ashqelon/Caeserea region, which is known for lead sarcophagus production:
ASHKENAZI et al. 2012, 92. Besides, the artisan’s work on the chimney decoration of this brazier is similar to the ones observed on
the sarcophagi manufactured in this region: GALILI – ROSEN 2012, 419, fig. 8.
14 BAKALAKIS 1934, 205, fig. 1.
15 LEONARD 1973, ill. 1: 6-8.
16 ROBINSON 1959, 34, pl. 38-G 123.
17 GALILI - SHARVIT 1999, 167-168; ROSEN – GALILI 2007, 301.
18 LEONARD 1973, ill. 2: 11,12.
19 GALILI – SHARVIT 1999, 171; GALILI – ROSEN 2015, 342.
20 LEONARD 1973, ill. 2: 13-17.
21 KOCABAŞ 2012, 112, fig. 29; KOCABAŞ 2015, 83.
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